Nutrition is essential for everyone, but it is especially important for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) to take care of their nutritional intake. After SCI, many physiological changes occur, affecting metabolism, body composition, and overall health. Understanding how nutrition plays a role in recovery and well-being can help individuals make informed dietary choices. This blog explores the importance of nutrition for individuals with SCI and offers practical recommendations based on recent research.
Understanding Spinal Cord Injury
A spinal cord injury occurs when there is damage to the spinal cord, often resulting from accidents, falls, or sports injuries. This damage can lead to a loss of movement and sensation below the injury site. The level of injury (high or low on the spine) significantly influences the type and extent of functional limitations experienced.
After an SCI, individuals often face a variety of challenges, including decreased mobility and changes in body composition, such as increased body fat and decreased muscle mass. These changes can lead to health issues like obesity, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome (CMS). Nutrition plays a pivotal role in managing these risks.
How Nutrition Impacts Health After SCI
There is a plethora of research on nutrition and spinal cord injury. The information highlighted below offers insight on some of physical changes that occur in the body because of SCI. Therefore, it is important to note that there is nuance and variability regarding how each individual person experiences these changes.
Metabolism Changes
Following SCI, resting metabolism, the number of calories your body needs to maintain basic functions while at rest, can decrease by 14% to 27% compared to individuals without disabilities. This reduction is largely due to a loss of muscle mass and changes in the sympathetic nervous system, which regulates many automatic body functions.
Body Composition
People with SCI often experience rapid muscle atrophy, or loss of muscle mass, especially in the legs. As muscle mass decreases, fat mass may increase, leading to a higher risk of obesity and its associated health problems.
Nutritional Deficiencies
Despite adequate macronutrient intake (the primary components of our diet: carbohydrates, fats, and proteins), individuals with SCI often experience deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals. Important nutrients that are frequently underconsumed include vitamins A, D, C, and various B vitamins, as well as minerals like calcium and magnesium. These deficiencies can negatively impact metabolic health, immune function, and bone density.
Recommendations for Nutrition After SCI
Balanced Diet
A well-balanced diet that includes a variety of foods is crucial. This means consuming:
Carbohydrates: Focus on complex carbohydrates such as whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. These provide essential fiber, which is often lacking in the SCI population and aids in digestive health.
Proteins: Include lean proteins such as chicken, fish, legumes, and low-fat dairy. Protein is vital for muscle repair and maintenance, especially in those experiencing muscle atrophy.
Fats: Prioritize healthy fats found in nuts, seeds, avocados, and olive oil. These can help manage inflammation and support overall health.
Hydration
Staying hydrated is important for overall health. Aim for at least 8 cups (2 liters) of water daily, but individual needs may vary based on activity level and climate. Hydration supports digestion, nutrient absorption, and overall well-being.
Micronutrient Sufficiency
Because individuals with SCI are often at risk for deficiencies, it may be beneficial to focus on foods rich in vitamins and minerals. Foods such as leafy greens, fruits, nuts, seeds, and dairy can help meet these needs. In some cases, supplementation may be necessary, but it’s best to consult with a healthcare professional.
Limit Processed Foods
Reducing the intake of processed foods, which are often high in added sugars, unhealthy fats, and sodium, can help manage weight and improve metabolic health. Instead, choose whole, minimally processed foods whenever possible.
Monitor Blood Sugar Levels
Individuals with SCI are at higher risk for developing insulin resistance and diabetes. Regularly monitoring blood sugar levels and adjusting dietary choices accordingly can help manage these risks. Foods with a low glycemic index (which raise blood sugar slowly) are preferable.
Nutrition plays a vital role in the health and recovery of individuals with spinal cord injuries. By understanding the unique metabolic changes that occur after SCI and implementing targeted dietary strategies, individuals can manage their weight, improve their overall health, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Consulting with healthcare professionals, including registered dietitians, can provide personalized nutrition plans that support the specific needs of those with SCI. With the right nutritional approach, individuals can optimize their health and quality of life after spinal cord injury.
References:
Khalil, R., Gorgey, A., Janisko, M., David R Dolbow, D., Moore, J., & Gate, D. (2012). The
Role of Nutrition in Health Status after Spinal Cord Injury. Aging and Disease, 1(4).
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